What is the difference between testosterone injections and testosterone gel?
Randomized trials we read comparing testosterone skin gel with injections leave open whether either raises hematocrit more (PubMed, Europe PMC, ClinicalTrials.gov; October 8, 2026). Testosterone gel gives fairly steady levels; injections into a muscle cause a peak for several days after each dose.[1][2][3] Testosterone gel can pass to women and children through skin contact, according to the AndroGel 1.62% label.[1]
Testosterone products including AndroGel, Xyosted and Aveed are FDA-approved for testosterone replacement therapy in males with conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone, such as primary or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (as of November 1, 2026).
Quick comparison
| What to compare | Gel on the skin | Injection into a muscle | Injection under the skin |
|---|---|---|---|
| How it is given | Applied to the skin | Injected into a muscle (testosterone cypionate or enanthate) | Injected under the skin of the abdomen (Xyosted) |
| How often | Once a day (AndroGel 1.62% label) | Not yet checked by us | Once a week (Xyosted label) |
| Blood levels between doses | Steady delivery over 24 hours after each daily dose (AndroGel 1.62% label) | High for several days after each injection, lower before the next (one small trial and a review) | Dose adjusted to a pre-dose level of 350 to 650 ng/dL, which the label says generally keeps levels in the normal range between doses |
| Hematocrit rise in a network review | Average rise 3.0% vs placebo (indirect) | Average rise 4.0% vs placebo, cypionate or enanthate (indirect) | Not reported |
| Transfer to others by skin contact | Can pass to women and children by skin contact (AndroGel 1.62% label) | Not yet checked by us | No skin-contact transfer warning on the Xyosted label |
| Skin or injection-site reactions | Application-site reactions 0.9%; contact dermatitis 2.1% (AndroGel 1.62% label) | Not yet checked by us | Injection-site reactions 12.7% (Xyosted label, 283 men in 2 clinical studies) |
| Head-to-head trial data | Randomized trials found; those we read leave open whether either raises hematocrit more (PubMed, Europe PMC, ClinicalTrials.gov; October 8, 2026) | Randomized trials found; those we read leave open whether either raises hematocrit more (PubMed, Europe PMC, ClinicalTrials.gov; October 8, 2026) | No randomized comparison with skin gel turned up in our title screens, any population (PubMed, October 8, 2026; ClinicalTrials.gov, October 1, 2026) |
Label figures in this table come from different trials of different products, so they cannot be compared directly. The hematocrit row compares forms indirectly: its figures come from a network meta-analysis that pooled placebo-controlled trials of each form. In this table, Not yet checked by us means we have not reviewed a source for that cell, and Not reported means the studies we reviewed did not report it.
What the evidence does and doesn't show
Our searches of PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov on October 8, 2026 for randomized trials comparing testosterone injections with gel, patch or other skin forms, in any population, found trials against a nasal gel, against a skin patch and against a gel applied to the skin.[4][2][5][6][7]
A randomized trial without blinding, registered as NCT04456296 and sponsored by Endo USA, a drug company, assigned 673 men with hypogonadism to testosterone undecanoate injections into a muscle or to one of two testosterone skin gels for about 16 weeks.[5] The results of NCT04456296 that we read are the ones posted on ClinicalTrials.gov: among the 407 men with usable 24-hour readings at the start and the end, average systolic blood pressure rose by 2.77 mm Hg with the injection and by 2.78 and 2.15 mm Hg with the two gels. The record posts no statistical test between the groups and lists no hematocrit outcome.[5]
A second registered trial, NCT00957801 at the University of Texas Medical Branch, randomized 29 healthy men aged 60 to 85 to four groups for an 8-day study, including one group given a single injection of testosterone enanthate into a muscle (7 men) and one that used a testosterone skin gel daily for 7 days (7 men).[6] In that 8-day study, average hematocrit was slightly lower at the end than at the start in both the injection group and the gel group, and the record posts no statistical test between them.[6] We did not find a journal report of either registered trial when we searched PubMed and Europe PMC for their registration numbers on October 8, 2026.
A 1-year randomized trial published in 2014 assigned 45 transgender men to a testosterone gel or to one of two injected testosterone forms, 15 people per group.[7] The authors' stated conclusion was that there were no differences among the testosterone formulations used, and they called the study preliminary; the published summary lists blood measures among the outcomes and gives no hematocrit result.[7] We read the two registered trials as registry records and the 2014 trial as a published summary only, so fuller reports may hold results we have not seen.
Apart from those randomized trials, the differences between skin gel and injections on this page come from separate studies of each form, reviews that compare forms indirectly, or observational data, so they are less certain than a direct randomized comparison would be. Which form suits a person is a decision for a licensed clinician, who also sets the dose.
How each form is given, and how often
The AndroGel 1.62% label describes a gel applied to the skin once a day that provides testosterone continuously for 24 hours.[1] The AndroGel 1.62% label reports that 81.6% of men had average testosterone levels in the normal range (300 to 1,000 ng/dL) on day 112, and 78% on day 364.[1] The same label reports that peak levels went above 1,500 ng/dL in 11.2% of men on day 112.[1] The AndroGel 1.62% label adjusts the dose using a morning testosterone level taken before the daily application, about 14 and 28 days after starting.[1] The AndroGel 1.62% label reports that showering 2 or 6 hours after applying the gel lowered average testosterone exposure by 13% and 12%, and that levels return to about baseline within 48 to 72 hours after the last application.[1]
The Xyosted label describes a weekly injection under the skin of the abdomen, starting at 75 mg, with the dose adjusted after 6 weeks using a testosterone level measured 7 days after a dose.[8] The Xyosted label says a testosterone level between 350 and 650 ng/dL just before the next dose generally keeps levels in the normal range during the whole week between doses.[8]
In a small randomized trial of 66 men with hypogonadism, injections of testosterone enanthate into a muscle every 2 weeks produced higher-than-normal testosterone levels for several days after each injection.[2] A 2022 systematic review, based mostly on non-randomized and observational studies in men with hypogonadism and transgender men, reported peaks shortly after each short-acting injection and levels below the normal range before the next, and fairly stable levels with gel.[3]
Dose schedules on this page summarize the prescribing information for the testosterone products named and are not instructions to follow. A prescriber sets and adjusts the dose. Sources: prescribing information, Section 2 (Dosage and Administration), for Xyosted injection prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1.62% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025.
Hematocrit and testosterone form
Testosterone raised hematocrit, the red blood cell level, with every form compared in a 2022 network meta-analysis of 29 placebo-controlled trials in 3,393 men, including gel and injections into a muscle.[9] In that network meta-analysis, injections of testosterone cypionate or enanthate into a muscle raised average hematocrit more than skin patches, but no differences were found between the other forms, including gel; these are indirect comparisons across different trials, not head-to-head results.[9] Whether injections raise hematocrit more than skin gel is uncertain: the randomized comparisons of skin gel with injections described on this page either lasted 8 days or gave no hematocrit result for each form in the record or summary we read, and the other evidence, which is indirect or not randomized, is not consistent. A 2022 systematic review, based mostly on non-randomized and observational studies, reported that injections seemed to give the highest share of people with high hematocrit, citing a prospective study of 192 transgender men for that statement, and its authors noted that virtually no randomized trials informed the recommendations. In that cited study the share with high hematocrit was lowest with testosterone undecanoate injections and highest with injections of testosterone esters, with gel in between, and the review says that studies of short-acting against long-acting injections have given mixed results.[3]
In a 2022 registry study at one university clinic, which was not randomized, 802 men with hypogonadism used a testosterone gel (498 men) or long-acting testosterone undecanoate injections into a muscle (304 men); at visits 26 to 30 weeks after starting, more men on the injections than on the gel had a high hematocrit reading (69 of 304 compared with 25 of 498).[10] In the same study, among the men with anemia (hemoglobin 12.7 g/dl or lower), more men on the injections than on the gel moved out of the anemic range (41 of 53 compared with 49 of 89).[10] The men in that registry study were not assigned to a form at random, so the differences may reflect which men received which form, and the injection studied was long-acting testosterone undecanoate, a different product from testosterone cypionate or enanthate.[10]
The Xyosted label reports that hematocrit rose by an average of 3.8% at 6 months and 5.4% at 1 year in men using Xyosted in its clinical studies, and gives no placebo figure for comparison.[8] In a 4-month randomized trial of 81 men with low testosterone, hematocrit rose significantly with testosterone cypionate injections but did not change significantly with a nasal testosterone gel (Natesto), which is used inside the nose, not on the skin.[4] Only 54 of the 81 men in the nasal gel trial completed it, and the trial was not blinded.[4] In a 24-week randomized trial of 66 men with hypogonadism, abnormal hematocrit rises occurred in 43.8% of men on testosterone enanthate injections into a muscle and 15.4% on a skin patch, a result that does not apply to gels.[2] The AndroGel 1.62% and Xyosted labels both call for checking hematocrit before and during treatment, and the American Urological Association guideline says to measure it before testosterone is offered.[1][8][11]
Sources: Xyosted injection prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1.62% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025.
Transfer to a partner or child
The AndroGel 1.62% label's boxed warning says virilization has been reported in children who were secondarily exposed to testosterone gel, and that children should avoid contact with unwashed or unclothed application sites.[1] The same boxed warning tells healthcare providers to advise patients to strictly follow the instructions for use.[1] The AndroGel 1.62% label reports that children exposed to the gel after it was marketed showed signs such as enlarged genitals, pubic hair, more frequent erections, aggressive behavior and advanced bone age, and that most signs went away after exposure ended, though in a few children enlarged genitals did not fully return to normal size.[1]
In a label study of 8 men who applied the gel to their shoulders and arms, 15 minutes of direct skin contact raised their female partners' average testosterone levels by 280% and peak levels by 267%.[1] When a T-shirt covered the application site, in a label study of 12 men, the partners' average and peak testosterone levels rose by only 6% and 11%.[1] The AndroGel 1.62% label reports that washing the hands removed 96% of the testosterone left on them.[1]
The Xyosted label, the injection label we could review for this page, carries no warning about testosterone passing to others through skin contact.[8]
Sources: Xyosted injection prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1.62% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025.
Heart problems and testosterone form
In a 2015 observational study of 544,115 men starting testosterone, drawn from US insurance claims (commercial and Medicare) and UK general-practice records, men who started injections had more cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.26), hospitalizations (1.16) and deaths (1.34) than men who started gels.[12] An observational study like that one cannot show that the form of testosterone caused the difference, because men prescribed injections may have differed from men prescribed gels in ways the data did not capture. In the same study, blood clots in the veins were not more common with injections than with gels (hazard ratio 0.92), and patches showed no increase in events compared with gels.[12] That study was funded by the US National Institute on Aging.[12] The abstract of the authors' manuscript for that study, posted in PubMed Central, gives 431,687 men starting testosterone, not the 544,115 in the published abstract, and the manuscript's Results text gives 487,131, 22,376 and 6,607 eligible men in its three data sets, which add to 516,114.[12]
TRAVERSE, a randomized, placebo-controlled heart-safety trial of testosterone, tested a gel and no injection, in men aged 45 to 80 with confirmed low testosterone and heart disease or high heart risk, so it does not directly show how injections affect the heart.[13] TRAVERSE was funded by AbbVie and others.[13]
Skin and injection-site reactions
The AndroGel 1.62% label reports application-site reactions in 0.9% of men and contact dermatitis in 2.1% in its 182-day trial.[1] The Xyosted label reports injection-site reactions, such as bruising, bleeding, redness and hardening, in 36 of the 283 men (12.7%) in its 2 clinical studies, and says no patient stopped Xyosted because of them.[8]
Sources: Xyosted injection prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1.62% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025.
Other differences in the evidence
The AndroGel 1.62% and Xyosted labels both report small average rises in blood pressure in 24-hour monitoring studies, but the studies used different products, designs and lengths, so they do not show whether gel or injection raises blood pressure more.[1][8] The AndroGel 1.62% label includes a warning about flammability of the gel.[1] Testosterone raised hematocrit with gel and with injections in a 2022 pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, and the AndroGel 1.62% and Xyosted labels both call for hematocrit checks.[9][1][8]
Sources: Xyosted injection prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1.62% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025.
Boxed warnings and other risks
Boxed warnings and contraindications differ by testosterone product.
The prescribing information for AndroGel 1.62% gel, AndroGel 1% gel, Testim gel and Vogelxo gel carries a boxed warning about secondary exposure to testosterone.
The prescribing information for Aveed injection carries a boxed warning about serious pulmonary oil microembolism (POME) reactions and anaphylaxis, and Aveed is available only through a restricted program called the Aveed REMS Program.
Sources: Aveed injection prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1.62% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; AndroGel 1% gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; Testim gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025; Vogelxo gel prescribing information, Revised 07/2025.
If you have severe symptoms, call 911 or seek emergency care. Report side effects to FDA MedWatch.
Which form might make sense
This page compares evidence and FDA status for testosterone injections and gels; it does not recommend one form over the other. Whether a product is appropriate for a specific person is decided by a licensed clinician using that product's prescribing information.
What is the FDA status of testosterone injections and gels?
Each testosterone product has its own prescribing information.
The FDA status table lists each testosterone product whose label we reviewed, with its route and the uses in its prescribing information.
| Product | How it is given | What it's FDA-approved for |
|---|---|---|
| Aveed injection | given as an injection into a muscle | Aveed (testosterone undecanoate) injection, given into a muscle, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in adult males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Its prescribing information says it should be used only in patients who need testosterone replacement and for whom the benefits outweigh the serious risks of pulmonary oil microembolism and anaphylaxis. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Azmiro injection | given as an injection into a muscle | Azmiro (testosterone cypionate) injection, given into a muscle, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Depo-Testosterone injection | given as an injection into a muscle | Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate) injection, given into a muscle, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in males with symptoms of conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Xyosted injection | given as an injection under the skin | Xyosted (testosterone enanthate) injection, given under the skin, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in adult males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| AndroGel 1% gel | applied to the skin | AndroGel 1% (testosterone) gel, applied to the skin, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| AndroGel 1.62% gel | applied to the skin | AndroGel 1.62% (testosterone) gel, applied to the skin, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in adult males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Natesto nasal gel | applied inside the nose | Natesto (testosterone) nasal gel, applied inside the nose, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Testim gel | applied to the skin | Testim (testosterone) gel, applied to the skin, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Vogelxo gel | applied to the skin | Vogelxo (testosterone) gel, applied to the skin, is FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own: primary hypogonadism or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. It requires a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Jatenzo capsules | taken by mouth | Jatenzo (testosterone undecanoate) capsules, taken by mouth, are FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in adult males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own. They require a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Kyzatrex capsules | taken by mouth | Kyzatrex (testosterone undecanoate) capsules, taken by mouth, are FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in adult males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own. They require a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
| Tlando capsules | taken by mouth | Tlando (testosterone undecanoate) capsules, taken by mouth, are FDA-approved for testosterone replacement in adult males with conditions in which the body makes little or no testosterone of its own. They require a prescription. Source: FDA prescribing information. |
Each testosterone product in the FDA status table is available only with a prescription (as of November 1, 2026).
Testosterone is a Schedule III controlled substance under federal law (21 CFR 1308.13). Prescribing and dispensing follow additional federal and state rules.
Completing an intake form or making a payment does not guarantee a prescription.
Is compounded testosterone cream FDA-approved?
Compounded testosterone, including compounded cream, is a different product from the testosterone injections and gels listed in the FDA status table.
Compounded testosterone, including compounded creams and pellets, is not FDA-approved. FDA states: 'Compounded drugs are not FDA-approved. This means that FDA does not verify the safety, effectiveness or quality of compounded drugs before they are marketed.' As of FDA's list updated March 21, 2025, testosterone, testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate and testosterone propionate are on FDA's list of substances under evaluation for use by outsourcing facilities (503B Category 1), and this listing is not an FDA approval of any compounded product.
Regulatory status checked November 1, 2026. Sources: www.accessdata.fda.gov/…/022309s022lbl.pdf; www.accessdata.fda.gov/…/209863s020lbl.pdf; www.accessdata.fda.gov/…/022219s021lbl.pdf; www.accessdata.fda.gov/…/085635s028lbl.pdf; www.fda.gov/…/fda-issues-class-wide-labeling-changes-testosterone-products; www.fda.gov/…/download; www.ecfr.gov/…/title-21.xml; www.fda.gov/…/compounding-and-fda-questions-and-answers; www.fda.gov/…/testosterone-information
FAQs
Do testosterone injections raise hematocrit more than testosterone gel?
Whether injections raise hematocrit more than skin gel is uncertain: the randomized comparisons of skin gel with injections described on this page either lasted 8 days or gave no hematocrit result for each form in the record or summary we read, and the other evidence, which is indirect or not randomized, is not consistent. Testosterone raised hematocrit, the red blood cell level, with every form compared in a 2022 network meta-analysis of 29 placebo-controlled trials in 3,393 men, including gel and injections into a muscle.[9] In that network meta-analysis, injections of testosterone cypionate or enanthate into a muscle raised average hematocrit more than skin patches, but no differences were found between the other forms, including gel; these are indirect comparisons across different trials, not head-to-head results.[9] A 2022 systematic review, based mostly on non-randomized and observational studies, reported that injections seemed to give the highest share of people with high hematocrit, citing a prospective study of 192 transgender men for that statement, and its authors noted that virtually no randomized trials informed the recommendations. In that cited study the share with high hematocrit was lowest with testosterone undecanoate injections and highest with injections of testosterone esters, with gel in between, and the review says that studies of short-acting against long-acting injections have given mixed results.[3] The AndroGel 1.62% and Xyosted labels both call for checking hematocrit before and during treatment, and the American Urological Association guideline says to measure it before testosterone is offered.[1][8][11]
Can testosterone gel transfer to a partner or child?
The prescribing information for AndroGel 1.62% gel, AndroGel 1% gel, Testim gel and Vogelxo gel carries a boxed warning about secondary exposure to testosterone.
The AndroGel 1.62% label's boxed warning says virilization has been reported in children who were secondarily exposed to testosterone gel, and that children should avoid contact with unwashed or unclothed application sites.[1] In a label study of 8 men who applied the gel to their shoulders and arms, 15 minutes of direct skin contact raised their female partners' average testosterone levels by 280% and peak levels by 267%.[1] When a T-shirt covered the application site, in a label study of 12 men, the partners' average and peak testosterone levels rose by only 6% and 11%.[1]
Providers who list testosterone therapy
Compounded testosterone is not FDA-approved. See FDA's statement.
You can connect with a licensed provider to ask about an evaluation.
Find a Provider · Connect With a Licensed Provider
A licensed clinician decides whether treatment is appropriate. A prescription is not guaranteed.
References
- ANDROGEL (testosterone gel) 1.62% for topical use CIII, prescribing information, Revised 07/2025. NDA 022309. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/022309s022lbl.pdf. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Dobs AS, Meikle AW, Arver S, et al. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(10):3469-3478. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6078. PMID 10522982. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Madsen MC, den Heijer M, Pees C, Biermasz NR, Bakker LEH. Testosterone in men with hypogonadism and transgender males: a systematic review comparing three different preparations. Endocr Connect. 2022;11(8):e220112. doi:10.1530/EC-22-0112. PMID 35904217; PMCID PMC9346330. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Rivero MJ, Ory J, Diaz P, et al. Comparison of Hematocrit Change in Testosterone-deficient Men Treated With Intranasal Testosterone Gel vs Intramuscular Testosterone Cypionate: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Urol. 2023;210(1):162-170. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000003487. PMID 37126399. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Endo USA Inc. A Study of the Effect of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Blood Pressure in Adult Male Participants With Hypogonadism. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04456296. Results first posted 2025-03-14. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04456296. Registry record with posted results. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. Anabolic and Inflammatory Responses to Short-Term Testosterone Administration in Older Men. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00957801. Results first posted 2018-04-04. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00957801. Registry record with posted results. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Pelusi C, Costantino A, Martelli V, et al. Effects of three different testosterone formulations in female-to-male transsexual persons. J Sex Med. 2014;11(12):3002-3011. doi:10.1111/jsm.12698. PMID 25250780. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- XYOSTED (testosterone enanthate) injection, for subcutaneous use, CIII, prescribing information, Revised 07/2025. NDA 209863. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/209863s020lbl.pdf. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Nackeeran S, Kohn T, Gonzalez D, White J, Ory J, Ramasamy R. The Effect of Route of Testosterone on Changes in Hematocrit: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Urol. 2022;207(1):44-51. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000002188. PMID 34445892. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Zitzmann M, Cremers JF, Krallmann C, Kliesch S. The HEAT-Registry (HEmatopoietic Affection by Testosterone): comparison of a transdermal gel vs long-acting intramuscular testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal men. Aging Male. 2022;25(1):134-144. doi:10.1080/13685538.2022.2063830. PMID 35467476. Accessed 2026-10-01.
- Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al. Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2018;200(2):423-432. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115. PMID 29601923. Web version: https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/testosterone-deficiency-guideline. Published 2018, Reviewed and Validity Confirmed 2024. Accessed 2026-09-28.
- Layton JB, Meier CR, Sharpless JL, et al. Comparative Safety of Testosterone Dosage Forms. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(7):1187-1196. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.1573. PMID 25962056; PMCID PMC4494981. Accessed 2026-10-08.
- Lincoff AM, Bhasin S, Flevaris P, et al.; TRAVERSE Study Investigators. Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(2):107-117. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2215025. PMID 37326322. Accessed 2026-09-28.